Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Organic Synthesis

Visible light photocatalysis traditionally relies on costly noble metal complexes and non-recyclable organic dyes. A sustainable alternative gaining prominence is heterogeneous semiconductors, widely used in artificial photosynthesis and wastewater treatment. Both inorganic and organic semiconductors, characterized by suitable bandgaps, offer high stability and recyclability. Recently, microporous materials like conjugated organic polymers, covalent organic frameworks, and metal-organic frameworks have shown promising applications due to their tunability at the molecular level. This review highlights common heterogeneous photocatalysts, emphasizing their utility in organic synthesis.